1 2 Noboyuki, Matsuo, "The Han Nom Institute, Hanoi", Asian Research Trends: a Humanities and Social Science Review, Yunesuko Higashi Ajia Bunka Kenkyū Sentā (Tokyo, Nhật Bản), 1998, số 8-10, tr. 140, "Most of the source materials from premodern Vietnam are written in Chinese, obviously using Chinese characters; however, a portion of the literary genre is written in Vietnamese, using chu nom. Therefore, han nom is the term designating the whole body of premodern written materials."
